"Off-chain" refers to transactions or computations that occur outside of a blockchain network. In blockchain technology, all transactions and computations are typically recorded on a public ledger that is maintained across a decentralized network of computers. However, off-chain transactions occur outside of this network, typically in a separate channel, to improve scalability, speed, and privacy. Off-chain transactions can be validated and settled on-chain later, allowing the blockchain network to maintain its integrity and security while still enabling fast and efficient transactions.